Endoscopic endonasal surgery has become a standard procedure for functional treatment of benign pathologies. Materials and improved surgeon skills have allowed the number of indications for this approach to increase. We describe some of the main pathologies, including malignancies, that can be treated endoscopically, focussing on the orbital and skull base pathologies. The orbital indications d...

Two patients developed traumatic orbital haemorrhage resulting in prolonged blindness. Orbital decompression successfully reversed the visual loss, though both eyes had no light perception for at least 3 1/2 hours. The clinical findings suggest damage to the posterior optic nerve as cause of the visual loss. The optic nerve tolerance time to ischaemic injury may be longer than previously thought.

Advances in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery continue to be made in the state of Hawaii. A new technique of dacryocystorhinostomy using the endoscope and the pulsed Holmium: YAG laser as well as a subconjunctival endoscopic assisted approach to orbital surgery for orbital decompression is described. The integrated hydroxyapatite implant replacing the enucleated eye gives excellent ...