Chronic use of corticosteroid is the most common secondary cause of osteoporosis. Contrary to previous belief apart from the primary or the idiopathic type, it occurs in all racial groups, both genders, and at any age. In a large cross sectional study in which 229 corticosteroid users (mean age 61 years, ≥6 months of prednisone, ≥5 mg/day) were compared with 286 controls not taking corticostero...

BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is common, asymptomatic and usually undetected until a fracture occurs. Fracture, particularly hip fracture, can be associated with significant mortality, morbidity and loss of independence. OBJECTIVE This article presents a practical case based approach to identify and manage osteoporosis. DISCUSSION The major risk factors for osteoporosis in men and women are known...

Osteoporosis-related fractures affect approximately one in two white women and one in five white men in their lifetime. The impact of fractures includes loss of function, significant costs, and increased mortality. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry to screen all women 65 years and older, and younger women who have an increased fracture ris...

Glucocorticoids are potent osteopenic agents, producing negative calcium and bone balance via actions at many sites. The most significant adverse effects of glucocorticoid drugs on the skeleton are probably a direct inhibition of matrix synthesis by the osteoblast, reductions in calcium absorption in both the gut and the renal tubule, and the production of hypogonadism, particularly in men. Red...

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass with micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhance bone fragility. This increases the susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporosis is a major public health problem. Hip fractures are the most devastating consequence of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is essentially an asymptomatic disease. Medical evaluation includes complete...

Osteoporosis can now be diagnosed readily, and treatments that increase bone mineral density and decrease fracture risk, even after fragility fracture has occurred, are now available. Clinical guidelines for management of osteoporosis unanimously recognize that fracture risk is highest among those who have already sustained a fracture, and encourage prompt evaluation and treatment of these indi...

Increased life expectancy and the need for long-term antiretroviral therapy have brought new challenges to the clinical management of HIV-infected individuals. The prevalence of osteoporosis and fractures is increased in HIV-infected patients; thus optimal strategies for risk management and treatment in this group of patients need to be defined. Prevention of bone loss is an important component...

One in two women has a fracture after the age of 50;1 most will be osteoporotic. Fracture incidence will probably increase as people live longer. After hip fracture there is 20% mortality within three months2 and increased disability, with >50% of people who previously walked unaided needing aids and >50% requiring help at home.3 Morbidity, disability and dependence increase progressively with ...

Hydroxyapatite is chemically related to the inorganic component of bone matrix as a complex structure with the formula of Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6. Previous studies have reported the application of microsized hydroxyapatite to bone regeneration, but the result is not satisfied. The limitation comes from the size of hydroxyapatite. In addition, the duration of treatment is very long. The advantages of hy...