In the war between Ottomans and Safavids Dynasty, two thirds of Kurdistan area was separated from Iran, and joined the Ottoman territories. The Ottoman empire was defeated in World War I and Kurdistan was divided among Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and a small part joined the Soviet Russia, i.e. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Concerning the Kurdish governments which were established in Iran being led...

Fictitious personal names and toponyms are not infrequent in legal casenotes as used for didactic purposes nowadays. There is a long tradition of fictitious names being used in the legal literature. The problem with medieval or early modern legal (here, rabbinical) responsa is that if they are used as evidence for historical purposes, as though they were chronicles, confusion may occurs. Histor...

Cemal Çetin‘s book Sultanın Esirleri: İstanbul’da Bir Esir Kampı (1715) consists of an introduction, two chapters, and a brief conclusion. The main chapters are entitled “Captivity in the Ottoman Empire” “A Camp Captives its Organization (1715)”.

During the 19th century, Ottoman Empire experienced an increased integration into world economy, primarily through development of bilateral trade with European markets. This study examines determinants its trading partners between 1878 and 1913 using a panel regression framework. The results indicate that GDP partners, distance, common borders, adoption metric system significantly affected trad...

The struggle for power has been a persistent phenomenon throughout history, involving the rulers, general public, and various other interest groups. As one of these groups, the legal community has been in a unique position to regulate the relationship between the ruler and the public because of its dual responsibilities to provide services to the public and to impose constraints on the rulers. ...

The concept of immunity from disease dates back at least to Greece in the 5th century BC. Thucydides wrote of individuals who recovered from the plague, which was raging in Athens at the time. These individuals, who had already contracted the disease, recovered and became “immune” or “exempt.” However, the earliest recognized attempt to intentionally induce immunity to an infectious disease was...

This study focuses on the history of relations between the Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo during a relatively extensive period, starting with the demise of the Ottoman Empire to present. It examines the process of the division of Kosovo society along ethnic, cultural, and religious lines that eventually made the seizure of power possible by nationalistic conservatives. The study investigates bot...

The Bayer Process (for alumina) as we know it today involves two steps: • The pressure leaching of bauxite with NaOH solution to obtain sodium aluminate solution. • The precipitation of pure aluminum hydroxide from this solution by seeding with fine crystals of Al(OH)3 . The leaching step was invented five years after the precipitation step (Table 1), and the precipitation step was an improveme...

In 2011, using the recently developed mobile technology of geolocated augmented reality (AR), the author was the primary organizer of two interventions into art biennials: in Venice together with Sander Veenhof and Mark Skwarek for our cyberartist group Manifest.AR (Manifest.AR blog 2013) and in Istanbul in collaboration with the Istanbul design team (PATTU 2013). With geolocated AR artists can...

Turkey is the only Eurasian state nearly surrounded by a circle of acute hot and “frozen conflicts”, ranging from low-intensity violence through terrorism to full-fledged wars. The prevailing pattern of inter-communal and interethnic conflicts in the Balkans and on Cyprus has long been different from the patterns of conflict in the rest of Europe and in the Near East. This difference is closely...