This paper explores the effects of trip purpose on price elasticity of bus mode. Data for the research was collected through passenger field survey in Isfahan, Iran. Due to the nature of the data, nonlinear regression and nonparametric statistics tools were used for analysis. It was found that the logarithmic function best explains the relationship between percentage of change in demand and per...

nowadays generation capacity in traditional grid depends on fossil fuels and contributes significantly to the increase of pollution emission. in deregulated grids in addition to using demand response programs (drps) to reducing the cost of electricity production, peak clipping and improve reliability use of green plants such as hydro plant, wind plant become widespread. in a smart grid, end use...

The indicators used in economics to calculate the productivity scale are not always positive, therefore, existing models need to be developed to calculate the productivity scale for the semi-negative and semi-positive output index. However, companies with a lack of capacity need to achieve economies of scale and demand for realization simultaneously in the presence of a negative outflow index, ...

liberalization of energy price increases costs of agricultural inputs and costs of agricultural production. all these changes may affect the overall competitiveness of domestic products with similar foreign products. as a result of that, total cost of agricultural products are increased and profitability are decreased. in this paper, energy consumption for producing corn were calculated using c...

This paper provides non-technical summaries of theories which posit a relationship between aggregate employment and real wages and presents results from Australian and selected overseas empirical studies. Neoclasssical supply side theories assume that real wages, for given endowments of physical capital, primarily influence the cost of employing labour, and have an inverse relationship to aggre...

This paper seeks to evaluate the effects of expansionary monetary policy by the central bank on inflation, output and employment in a limited-participation model for different parameters value of inter-temporal elasticity of substitution and the Frisch (inverse of the labor supply) elasticity. To this end, a modified cash in advance model in line with Lucas (1990), Christiano (1991) and F...

among the agricultural important factors, inputs are the most significant in agricultural production. this article aimed to examine the impact of government subsidy policies on production of one of the most strategic products, namely on production of one of the most strategic products, namely maize, in iran. to achieve this goal, panel data for the nine provinces of iran's major producers of ma...

In this paper, the concept of Conjectural Variation (CV) is used to specify optimal generation decision for generation companies (Gencos). The conjecture of Genco is defined as its belief or expectation about the reaction of rivals to change of its output. Using CV method, each Genco has to learn and estimate strategic behaviors of other competitors from available historical market operation da...