Challenges and opportunities:•Photocatalytic overall water splitting is an intriguing process to produce hydrogen. However, the photocatalytic efficiency unsatisfactory. Thus, it necessary analyze challenges for splitting.•The unfavorable thermodynamics, sluggish kinetics, dissolved oxygen, backward reaction, side reaction make enormously difficult. These obstacles must be overcome achieve in s...

the effects and influences of various parameters upon the efficiency and the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients are important subjects to be studied in most liquid-liquid extraction processes. one of these important parameters is surface active agent (surfactant). in this paper, in order to study the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) concentration on the efficiency and the avera...