During adenovirus virion assembly, the packaging sequence mediates the encapsidation of the viral genome. This sequence is composed of seven functional units, termed A repeats. Recent evidence suggests that the adenovirus IVa2 protein binds the packaging sequence and is involved in packaging of the genome. Study of the IVa2-packaging sequence interaction has been hindered by difficulty in purif...

In the recent years, we have witnessed a growing consumption of carbonated beverages like soft drinks and beer, marketed in attractive containers and packaging. Technology has certainly played its part in the increased consumption of carbonated beverages with the adventof glass bottles, cans, plastic bottles, high speed packaging lines and evolving packaging systems. Packaging carbonated produc...

E lectronic packaging at APL is radically different today than it was in the past. Limited funding, shorter schedules, packaging densities, and higher power requirements place an entirely new set of criteria on the packaging designs. New processes and fabrication techniques are evolving faster than the established reliability framework can support. Electronic packaging design involves many sepa...

Blown Film Extrusion is the primary technology used to make plastic films especially for the packaging industry. Its machines produce protective films used in many industries including food and pharmaceuticals – that extend product shelf life and improve consumer appeal. Products such as trash bags, frozen food packaging, shrink wrap, stretch film labeling, form, fill and seal packaging, medica...

Many implantable medical devices contain sophisticated electronic circuits. Hermetic packaging is required to provide the implant’s electronic circuitry with protection from the harsh environment of the human body. This chapter provides a review of available hermetic sealing methods and their applications. General considerations of implantable medical device packaging are discussed. Various tes...

We previously identified a 160-nucleotide packaging signal, MPsi, from the 5' end of the Rous sarcoma virus genome. In this study, we determine the secondary structure of MPsi by using phylogenetic analysis with computer modeling and heterologous packaging assays of point mutants. The results of the in vivo studies are in good agreement with the computer model. Additionally, the packaging studi...

For influenza A and B viruses to be infectious, they require eight viral RNA (vRNA) genome segments to be packaged into virions. For efficient packaging, influenza A viruses utilize cis-acting vRNA sequences, containing both non-coding and protein coding regions of each segment. Whether influenza B viruses have similar packaging signals is unknown. Here we show that coding regions at the 3' and...

Food packaging has evolved from simply a container to hold food to something today that can play an active role in food quality. Many packages are still simply containers, but they have properties that have been developed to protect the food. These include barriers to oxygen, moisture, and flavors. Active packaging, or that which plays an active role in food quality, includes some microwave pac...

Tobacco packaging and labeling policies have emerged as prominent and cost-effective tobacco control measures. Although packaging policies have primarily focused on health warnings, there is growing recognition of the importance of packaging as a marketing tool for the tobacco industry. The current paper reviews evidence on the potential impact of standardizing the color and design of tobacco p...