Both type I interferon (IFN-I) and CD40 play a significant role in various infectious diseases, including malaria and autoimmune disorders. CD40 is mostly known to function in adaptive immunity, but previous observations of elevated CD40 levels early after malaria infection of mice led us to investigate its roles in innate IFN-I responses and disease control. Using a Plasmodium yoelii nigeriens...

Background: Hemiscorpius lepturus envenomation is one of the most important medical issues in tropical regions of Iran, especially Khuzestan Province. Due to lack of reliable data about scorpion sting in Khuzestan Province, this investigation was performed to study the clinical presentation, prognosis factors, complications and mortality rates of Hemiscorpius lepturus sting. Methods: this study...

backgrounds and aims : in the tropical regions of iran, scorpion stings are one of the most important medical and health problems. knowing about their epidemiologic aspects might lead to the employment of appropriate preventive methods. therefore, these studies were done in qom province for this purpose. materials and methods : this research is a descriptive cross-sectional study which has been...

• Vol 9 • April 2007 Transient ST-Elevation Following a Wasp Sting The occurrence of an acute myocardial infarction after a bee, wasp or yellow-jacket sting has been reported in the literature [1,2]. The anaphylactic shock and the use of epinephrine can act synergistically and produce acute coronary thrombosis. We report here the case of a 57 year old man who was admitted to our institution aft...

PURPOSE Little is known about the role of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for identification of specific allergic reactions in the emergency department (ED). METHODS Investigators in 10 EDs reviewed 1395 charts of consecutive patients presenting with food allergy (ICD-9-CM codes 693.1 and 995.60 to 995.69) and insect sting aller...

Agonists for TLR9 and Stimulator of IFN Gene (STING) act as vaccine adjuvants that induce type-1 immune responses. However, currently available CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) (K-type) induces IFNs only weakly and STING ligands rather induce type-2 immune responses, limiting their potential therapeutic applications. Here, we show a potent synergism between TLR9 and STING agonists. Together, they...