Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) yields natural muscle-like actuator with high force to weight ratio, soft and flexible structure, and adaptable compliance for rehabilitation and prosthetic appliances to the disabled. To obtain optimum design and usage, there is significance to understand mechanical behavior of the PAM. In this study, experimental results reveal empirical modeling for relation...

OBJECTIVE Patient activation can be measured using the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) developed by Hibbard et al., however, little is known about the uses of the PAM in research and in practice. This study aims to explore its differing utility in four UK exemplar sites. METHODS Data from four exemplars in a range of health settings with people living with long-term conditions (i.e. stroke o...

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the main pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which leads to severe vision loss in many aged patients in most advanced country. CNV compromises vision via hemorrhage and retinal detachment on account of pathological neovascularization penetrating the retina. Plasma medicine represents the medical application of ionized gas "plasma" that i...

Three-dimensional polymeric scaffolds provide structural support and function as substrates for cells and bioactive molecules necessary for tissue regeneration. Noninvasive real-time imaging of scaffolds and/or the process of tissue formation within the scaffold remains a challenge. Microcomputed tomography, the widely used technique to characterize polymeric scaffolds, shows poor contrast for ...

We prove that Kreisel’s Conjecture is true, if Peano arithmetic is axiomatised using minimality principle and axioms of identity (theory PAM ). The result is independent on the choice of language of PAM . We also show that if infinitely many instances of A(x) are provable in a bounded number of steps in PAM then there exists k ∈ ω s.t. PAM ` ∀x > k A(x). The results imply that PAM does not prov...

Continuous phase modulation (CPM) is a widely used modulation scheme in communication systems. However, difficulties arise with the design of CPM receivers, due to the nonlinear nature of CPM. One popular solution is to linearize CPM with pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) representation. In this paper, a reduced-complexity non-dataaided (NDA) timing recovery method for PAM-based M-ary CPM receiv...

It is a grand challenge to visualize and assess in vivo neovascularization in a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold noninvasively, together with high spatial resolution and deep penetration depth. Here we used multiscale photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), including acoustic-resolution PAM (AR-PAM) and optical-resolution PAM (OR-PAM), to chronically monitor neovascularization in an inverse opal scaffol...

Concerns over runoff water quality from agricultural lands and construction sites have led to the development of improved erosion control practices, including application of polyacrylamide (PAM). We developed a quick and reliable method for quantifying PAM in soil extracts at low carbon content by using a turbidimetric reagent, Hyamine 1622. Three high-molecular weight anionic PAMs differing in...

Background: How to deal with the time-dispersive channel is the main challenge faced by the short-range optical communication systems. In this work a novel pseudo-noise sequence (PN) assisted pulse-amplitude modulated (PN-PAM) transmission scheme for short-range optical communication systems is proposed in this work. With the help of the PN based channel estimation, minimum-phase pre-filter and...

The tumor suppressor tuberin, encoded by the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) gene TSC2, negatively regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which plays a key role in the control of cell growth and proliferation. In addition to naturally occurring mutations, several kinases including Akt, RSK1, and ERK are known to phosphorylate and inactivate tuberin. We demonstrate a novel ...