This chapter was originally intended to cover both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis, but we will concentrate on ALS. There are nonetheless several reports from the literature that ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists have beneficial effects in animal models of multiple sclerosis (1,7,14,58,71,109) and this could develop into a very promising therapeutic area in th...

Let IΣ1 be the fragment of elementary Peano Arithmetic in which induction is restricted to Σ1-formulas. More than three decades ago, Charles Parsons showed that the provably total functions of IΣ1 are exactly the primitive recursive functions. In this paper, we observe that Parsons’ result is a consequence of Herbrand’s theorem concerning the ∃∀∃-consequences of universal theories. We give a se...

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