since the ancient times, burial practices have displayed certain characteristics among different iranian ethnic groups and regions were influenced by the local religious orientations, traditions and environments, and are regarded as part of the spiritual culture of any given population. indeed, religious beliefs play the main role in this diversity. because of the empire’s long endurance and va...

Tullock (2005, p. 160) notes that the perceived robust relationship between democracy and economic progress is due mostly to assumption, rather than analysis. Taking up Tullock’s challenge consider bet - ween other political forms, we re-assess relation-ship monarchy progress. Our analysis specifically focuses on possibility of a «monarchical» constitution creating insti-tutions within which, c...

The directors of the Iranian-Italian archaeological Expedition in Khuzistan, south-west Iran present first results a survey conducted plain Izeh, one core sectors ancient Parthian vassal kingdom Elymais. Izeh is situated east fertile lowlands at feet Bakhtiari mountains. From there many passes lead through mountain range. new adds data to exploration by H.T. Wright same region....

The role of the Swedish monarch is mainly ceremonial and involves representing state at some national events in international relations. Outward appearance social-cultural activity are important for preserving tradition having a monarchy Sweden stressing its necessity. aim this article to discuss how image heir apparent throne, Victoria Bernadotte, terms both activity, helps maintain support mo...

During the Middle Ages, most European polities operated under a norm that gave only the close male relatives of a deceased monarch a clear place in the line of succession. When no such heirs were available, succession disputes were more likely, with more distant relatives and female(-line) heirs laying competing claims to the throne. These disputes often produced violent conflicts that destroye...

______________________________________________________________ It is well known that the Spanish Monarchy found out some problems in its monetary system. So far, almost all the studies have been concentrated in the billon problem and inflation. However, small and large silver coins had also problems to circulate together in Castile. Without small change, among other consequences, it was more di...