after second world war, demand for oil increased and in 1970s reached to its maximum growth. and naturally, providing this level of demand depended on much more import from opec, especially from middle eastern members. contemporaneous, in the early 1970s, some opec governments stopped granting new concessions and starting to claim equity participation in the existing concessions, with a few of ...

Studies on experts' understanding of the public have mainly focused on the views of scientists. We add to the literature on constructions of the public by analyzing the views of decision-makers, professional science communicators and scientists involved in 'space' communication on the public and public participation in policy. Findings show that contextual situations and roles determine the way...

PURPOSE This study evaluated how levels of social participation change as a result of late-life widowhood. Social participation is a multidimensional construct incorporating both formal (e.g., meeting attendance, religious participation, and volunteer obligations) and informal (e.g., telephone contact and social interactions with friends) social roles. DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the C...

background patient participation in nursing has great application and values the humanarian values of patients. patient participation is an international golden standard in the modern nursing paradigm. despite the importance of patient participation and its routine use in professional care, this concept is not clear, especially in social and cultural context of iranian nursing. this study clari...

The concept of legitimate peripheral participation was developed by considering informal learning contexts. However, its applicability to school classrooms is problematic. This is particularly so when teacher centred and decontextualised procedural practices predominate as they do in usual school mathematics classrooms. Different meanings of participation in community of practice theory are ide...

BACKGROUND An assessment of self-efficacy and social capital may have the potential to detect an effect of dynamic, complex and comprehensive collective actions in community-based health promotion. In 2003, a healthy village project was launched in Santa Cruz, Bolivia with technical assistance from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The originally developed FORSA (Fortalecimient...

In recent years, devolved governments in Kenya have been offering semi-formal credit programs to rural households. Despite the key role of this type enhancing welfare household welfare, little is known on determinants farm participation programs. Therefore, study sought identify factors influencing farmers’ program Kakamega county. The used a multi-stage sampling approach gather data from 179 r...

Abstract Introduction Clinical teaching is essential for the continuity of education health care professionals. Developing skills highly required to communicate efficiently and transfer experience knowledge others. To our knowledge, medical students across Iraq did not give their perception clinical in a comprehensive way. Therefore, aim this study understand students' learn from responses what...