An ongoing trend in technology policy has been to advocate participation. However, the author claims that lay citizens’ participation typically materializes in the form of a laboratory experiment at present. That is, lay participation as currently organized by professional participation experts under controlled conditions rarely is linked to public controversies, to the pursuit of political par...

BACKGROUND Researchers have noted difficulties in attracting adequate numbers of participants with intellectual disabilities (ID) to their studies. METHODS This study was a review of participation by adults with ID in research conducted in South Eastern Ontario over a 20-year period (1987-2006). Original research studies were identified by local investigators and then reviewed for inclusion a...

BACKGROUND In England, participation in breast cancer screening has been decreasing in the past 10 years, approaching the national minimum standard of 70%. Interventions aimed at improving participation need to be investigated and put into practice to stop this downward trend. We assessed the effect on participation of sending invitations for breast screening with a timed appointment to women w...

The future of mandatory retirement is at least partly driven by changing demographics. In Canada, these demographics include slowing population growth, rapid aging, declining rates of labour force participation, and slowing labour force growth. After reviewing the demographic trends and considering alternate scenarios in labour force participation, we consider the determinants of early departur...

Spatial variation in the importance of determinants of participation in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program (AFDC) is investigated for the U.S. Casetti's Expansion Method is applied to the two-dimensional space domain by making the model's parameters a function of state x-y centroids. The spatially-varying parameter model suggests that the black populatioh's association with par...

Conducting research on the health of Hispanic populations in the United States entails challenges of identifying individuals who are Hispanic and obtaining good study participation. In this report, identification of Hispanics using a surname search and ethnicity information collected by cancer registries was validated, compared with self-report, for breast cancer cases and controls in Utah and ...

Self-esteem can be an important contributor to academic success, productive behavior, and mental and physical health in children (Leary, Schreindorfer, & Haupt, 1995). Research has shown that students often experience a decrease in self-esteem when they move from elementary to middle school (Wigfield & Eccles, 1994). This study examines if participation in a self-esteem enhancement program can ...

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that plays a central role in immune and inflammatory responses. In the present paper, we discussed the participation of MIF in the immune response to protozoan parasite infections. As a general trend, MIF participates in the control of parasite burden at the expense of promoting tissue damage due to increased inflammation.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of benzalkonium (BAK)-free travoprost monotherapy administered for 3 years on intraocular pressure and visual field performance. METHODS The intraocular pressure of 76 patients with normal tension glaucoma was monitored every 1-3 months. A Humphrey visual field test was performed every 6 months after treatment and compared with ...

Citizens' participation in the formulation of government public policies is an important way for citizens to participate decision-making. The article examines citizen process policy making China, pointing out new trend and identifying some problems participation, such as insufficient motivation prevalence extra-institutional participation. reasons these are analyzed depth countermeasures propos...