Air shower simulation programs are essential tools for the analysis of data from cosmic ray experiments and for planning the layout of new detectors. They are used to estimate the energy and mass of the primary particle. Unfortunately the model uncertainties translate directly into systematic errors in the energy and mass determination. Aiming at energies > 10 eV, the models have to be extrapol...

String theory avoids the ultraviolet infinities that arise in trying to quantize gravity. It is also more predictive than conventional quantum field theory, one aspect of this being the way that it contributed to the emergence of the concept of “supersymmetry” of particle interactions. There are hints from the successes of supersymmetric unified theories of particle interactions that supersymme...

13700 million years ago in the Big Bang, an immense concentration of energy was transformed into matter within less than a billionth of a second. The temperatures, densities and energies involved were extremely high. According to Einstein’s law E=mc, to create a matter particle of a certain mass (m), you need a corresponding amount of energy (E), with the speed of light (c) defining the exchang...

The protection system used to shield LEP experiments against particle backgrounds has been upgraded in view of the much higher photon background rates expected at LEP2 energies. General experience with background rates in the LEP experiments at highest beam energies is reported and special features are highlighted.

The particle kinetic energies of thermonuclear pp fusion in the Sun (Gamow energy) produce small changes in the energies of pp solar neutrinos relative to those due only to exothermal energetics. This effect may be observable via the unique tools of the LENS solar neutrino detector. The temperature profile of energy production in the Sun may thus be directly probed for the first time.

We present an investigation on the resonances of a doubly excited helium atom in a strong magnetic field covering the regime B = 0 − 100 a.u. A full-interaction approach which is based on an anisotropic Gaussian basis set of one-particle functions being nonlinearly optimized for each field strength is employed. Accurate results for a total of 17 resonances below the threshold of consisting of H...

We study the dynamical fluctuations of various particle yield ratios at different incident energies. Assuming that the particle production yields in the hydronic final state are due to equilibrium chemical processes (γ = 1), the experimental results available so far are compared with the hadron resonance gas model (HRG) taking into account the limited momentum acceptance in heavy-ion collisions...

The PHENIX experiment at RHIC has measured transverse energy and charged particle multiplicity at mid-rapidity in Au + Au collisions at √ s NN = 19.6, 130, 62.4 and 200 GeV as a function of centrality. The presented results are compared to measurements from other RHIC experiments, and experiments at lower energies. The √ s NN dependence of dET /dη and dNch/dη per pair of participants is consist...

This monograph presents some new concentration inequalities for Feynman-Kac particle processes. We analyze different types of stochastic particle models, including particle profile occupation measures, genealogical tree based evolution models, particle free energies, as well as backward Markov chain particle models. We illustrate these results with a series of topics related to computational ph...

Large eddy simulation and a discrete element method are applied to study the flow, particle dispersion and agglomeration in a horizontal channel. The particle-particle interaction model is based on the Hertz-Mindlin approach with Johnson-KendallRoberts cohesion to allow the simulation of Van der Waals forces in a dry air flow. The influence of different particle surface energies on agglomeratio...