Non-patent literature is defined as scientific publications, technical standards, conference proceedings, clinical trials, books, manuals, or research reports, any other material which cited in patents to show what has already been published and disseminated about the invention be patented, order justify its novelty. These documents are considered technically relevant patent granting procedure ...

. Capitalization of knowledge is the driver of knowledge economy. These processes are implemented through management and innovations embedding scientific research with technological innovation and patents and their commercial exploitation [1] [4] This article considers the capitalization of knowledge in transition countries through: a) the number of granted patents and patents application, b) t...

Technological innovationprocess startswith technical discovery of new things or newways of doing things, i.e., invention. With the commercialization of invention, the term, innovation, takes place instead of invention. The process ends with (duplicative and/or creative) imitation by competitors. It is expected that maximum profits can be achieved in the time interval from commercialization of i...

Patents represent a quid pro quo between the public and the inventor: in exchange for disclosing the invention, the inventor receives the right to exclude others from practicing her invention. They therefore serve as a source of technical information. Patents also communicate information to markets and companies that serve to reduce various transaction costs, allowing more efficient transaction...

ABSTRACT Designing around patents is prevalent but not often appreciated as a means by which promote economic development through competition. We provide novel empirical study of the extent and timing designing patent claims. filing rate incandescent lamp-related during 1878–1898 find that enforcement Edison’s lamp in 1891–1894 stimulated surge patenting. studied specific design features lamps ...

The construction of pilot zones for green finance reform and innovations (GFRI) is an important initiative the Chinese government to develop a economy. Based on 3236 A-share listed enterprises from 2011 2018, this paper uses difference-in-differences method (DID) examine whether GFRI can promote enterprise technology innovation. results show that significantly enhance This conclusion still robu...

This paper presents a retrospective of the different epochs in patenting software-related inventions in the European Patent Office (EPO). To put things in perspective, it also makes reference to other jurisdictions as well, in particular USA. The emphasis is however on present EPO practice. Three different epochs are presented and the corresponding approaches to dealing with software-related in...