Fungi are major players in the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems due to the wide range of interactions they have with plants either through soil degradation processes by litter decayers or biotrophic interactions with pathogenic and ectomycorrhizal symbionts. Secretion of fungal proteins mediates these interactions by allowing the fungus to interact with its environment and/or host. Ectomycorrh...

Although α-1,3-glucan is a major cell wall polysaccharide in filamentous fungi, its biological functions remain unclear, except that it acts as a virulence factor in animal and plant pathogenic fungi: it conceals cell wall β-glucan on the fungal cell surface to circumvent recognition by hosts. However, cell wall α-1,3-glucan is also present in many of non-pathogenic fungi. Recently, the univers...

The complex interplay between host and microbe is especially evident in the pathogenesis of fungal diseases. Certain fungi, like Candida albicans, are commensals whereas others, like Cryptococcus neoformans, are environmental opportunists who have, in part, enhanced their capacity to cause devastating disease through interactions (e.g., a “boot camp”) over the millennia with environmental preda...

Pathogenic fungi have developed many strategies to evade the host immune system. Multiple escape mechanisms appear to function together to inhibit attack by the various stages of both the adaptive and the innate immune response. Thus, after entering the host, such pathogens fight to overcome the immune system to allow their survival, colonization and spread to different sites of infection. Cons...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) on pathogenic fungi, including Candida albicans (CA), Candida tropicalis (CT), Candida glabrata (CG), Candida parapsilosis (CP) and Candida krusei (CK), in vitro and in vivo. In total, 24 PA strains were collected from clinical specimens and identified by Gram staining, oxidase production and th...

Asthma is a complicated disorder, whose prevalence has increased over the past few decades.Asthma is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes along with enhancedproinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Fungi are now far more widely being considered as thedominant extrinsic trigger for asthma. Fungi are linked to the severity of asthma in many ways. Somedifferences between studi...

10-Inhibitory effects of essential oils and extracts medicinal plants on plant pathogenic fungi bacteria