An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, caused by a novel reassortant influenza A (H5N8) virus, occurred among poultry and wild birds in South Korea in 2014. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis in and mode of transmission of this virus among domestic and wild ducks. Three of the viruses had similar pathogenicity among infected domestic ducks: the H5N8 viruses were m...

An H7N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) first appeared in the live bird marketing system (LBMS) in the Northeastern United States in 1994. Since then this lineage of virus has become the predominant subtype of AIV isolated from the LBMS and has been linked to several costly commercial poultry outbreaks. Concern for this low pathogenicity isolate mutating to the highly pathogenic form has re...

Microarray hybridization based identification of viral genotypes is increasingly assuming importance due to outbreaks of multiple pathogenic viruses affecting humans causing wide-spread morbidity and mortality. Surprisingly, microarray based identification of food-borne viruses, one of the largest groups of pathogenic viruses, causing more than 1.5 billion infections world-wide every year, has ...

Pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 is already panzootic in poultry, with attendant economic consequences. It continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. Therefore, H5N1 virus has rightly received attention as a potential pandemic threat. However, it i...

Plant viruses typically have highly condensed genomes, yet the plant-pathogenic Cassava brown streak virus, Ugandan cassava and Euphorbia ringspot virus are unusual in encoding an enzyme not found any other “house-cleaning” inosine triphosphatase. Inosine triphosphatases (ITPases) conserved enzymes that occur all kingdoms of life perform a house-cleaning function by hydrolysing noncanonical nuc...

Aphids are common agricultural pests with a wide range of hosts from agriculture to forestry plants. As known, aphids also serve as the major vectors transmit plant viruses. Although numerous studies have focused on interactions between and viruses, little is known about aphid i.e., insect viruses that infectious aphids. In past four decades, several been identified in diverse species. this rev...

Starting in late November 2010, the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was isolated from many types of wild ducks and raptors and was subsequently isolated from poultry in Korea. We assessed the genetic and pathogenic properties of the HPAI viruses isolated from a fecal sample from a mandarin duck and a dead Eurasian eagle owl, the most affected wild bird species during the 201...

The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses continue to circulate in nature and threaten public health. Although several viral determinants and host factors that influence the virulence of HPAI H5N1 viruses in mammals have been identified, the detailed molecular mechanism remains poorly defined and requires further clarification. In our previous studies, we characterized two natur...

Influenza A viruses can be divided into two groups on the basis of their ability to cause disease and death in poultry. The very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI], with flock mortality as high as 100% in chickens and other susceptible poultry. These viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all H5 and H7 viruses cause HPAI. All other viruses ...