Abbreviations: Egr-1, early growth response gene-1; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK, extracellular-regulated kinases; MAP kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases; PAI, pathogenicity island; cag, cytotoxin associated genes; PMA, Phorbol-12myristate-13-acetate; MOI, Multiplicity of infection; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PBS, phosp...

Invasion is an important microbial virulence strategy to overcome the barrier formed by polarized epithelial cells. Salmonella enterica is a food-borne pathogen that deploys a type III secretion system for the manipulation of the actin cytoskeleton and to trigger internalization into epithelial cells. Here we show that this function is not sufficient to enter polarized cells and report that pen...

background : salmonella actively stimulates its own uptake into the epithelial cells by inducing cytoskeleton rearrangements and membrane ruffling triggered by some proteins secreted by salmonella into the cytosol of the epithelial cells via a type iii secretion system (ttss) encoded by genes of the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1). hila is a transcriptional activator encoded on salmon...

Expression of invasion genes in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) is mainly driven by the transcriptional activator HilA. Transcription of hilA is subject to complex control and is stimulated by the SPI-1-encoded HilC and HilD proteins. The C-terminal domain of RpoA contributes to hilA activation by HilC/D under certain inducing conditions.

We report a fatal case of necrotizing soft tissues infection caused by an Escherichia coli strain belonging to phylogenetic group C and harbouring numerous virulence factors reported to be part of a pathogenicity island (PAI) such as PAI IIJ96 and conserved virulence plasmidic region.

Isolated for the first time in 1982 from human gastric biopsy, Helicobacter pylori is responsible for gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. A pathogenicity island acquired by horizontal transfer, coding for a type IV secretion system, is a major determinant of virulence. The infection is now treated with antibiotics, and vaccines are in preparation. The geographic distribution suggests c...

Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis is a risk factor for developing gastric pathologies. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant H. pylori strain isolated from a chronic gastritis patient in Mexico City, Mexico. Nonvirulent VacA and cag-pathogenicity island (PAI) genotypes were found, but the presence of a potential mobilizable plasmid carrying an IS605 element i...

The presence of the pathogenicity island (PAI) O122 genes, efa1 (lifA), sen, pagC, nleB, and nleE, in typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains was investigated. The simultaneous occurrence of all genes was statistically associated with diarrhea due to atypical EPEC. Detection of the complete PAI O122 could aid in the identification of potential pathogenic strains of...

In this study, we determined the borders of the pathogenicity island in V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633 (Vp-PAI). Vp-PAI has features in common with Tn7 and other related elements at both terminal ends. Our findings indicate that the mobile element with a transposase which contains the DDE motif may have been involved in Vp-PAI formation.

Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) encodes a type III secretion system that is required for virulence during the intestinal phase of infection. The expression of SPI1 genes is controlled by many global regulatory pathways that affect the expression/activity of transcriptional regulators encoded on SPI1.