Many animals can see polarization of light (a property to which humans are visually insensitive) and use polarization for a variety of behavioral tasks such as navigation and foraging. The polarized light environment is spatially and temporally complex, presenting a unique challenge for signaling or crypsis in animals with polarization vision. Some invertebrates have polarization body patternin...

Morphogenetic dynamics of tissue sheets require coordinated cell shape changes regulated by global patterning mechanical forces.

In single-cell analysis, cellular activity and parameters are assayed on an individual, rather than population-average basis. Essential to observing the activity of these cells over time is the ability to trap, pattern and retain them, for which previous single-cell-patterning work has principally made use of mechanical methods. While successful as a long-term cell-patterning strategy, these de...

We introduce an innovative method for patterning one or multiple types of polymeric microparticles by electrospraying them towards a collecting surface patterned with an array of microelectrodes. By independently programming the electric state of each microelectrode, microparticles can be confined within desired regions with a high patterning contrast. The patterning principle and the role of t...

In this article we will discuss the integration of developmental patterning mechanisms with waves of competency that control the ability of a homogeneous field of cells to react to pattern forming cues and generate spatially heterogeneous patterns. We base our discussion around two well known patterning events that take place in the early embryo: somitogenesis and feather bud formation. We outl...

We demonstrate plasmonic lithography with an optical contact probe to achieve high speed patterning without external gap distance control between the probe and the photoresist. The bottom surface of the probe is covered with a 10 nm thickness silica glass film for the gap distance control and coated with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to reduce friction between the probe and the photoresist. We...

The vulval precursor cell (VPC) fate patterning in Caenorhabditis elegans is a classic model experimental system for cell fate determination and patterning in development. Despite its apparent simplicity (six neighboring cells arranged in one dimension) and many experimental and computational efforts, the patterning strategy and mechanism remain controversial due to incomplete knowledge of the ...

Axial eye patterning determines the positional code of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which is crucial for their topographic projection to the midbrain. Several asymmetrically expressed determinants of retinal patterning are known, but it is unclear how axial polarity is first established. We find that Fgf signals, including Fgf8, determine retinal patterning along the nasotemporal (NT) axis du...

Due to elongated delay of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), the semiconductor industry has been pushing the 193nm immersion lithopgrahy using multiple patterning to print critical features in 22nm/14nm technology nodes and beyond. Multiple patterning lithography (MPL) poses many new challenges to both mask design and IC physical design. The mask layout decomposition problem has been exten...

Three amnesic patients with damage limited to the hippocampal formation, a severely amnesic patient with extensive medial temporal lobe damage, and 9 controls were tested on the transverse patterning problem (A + B-, B + C-, and C + A-) and also on 2 control problems. One of the control problems was matched to the transverse patterning problem with respect to the number of pairwise decisions th...