abrin known as ribosome inactivating protein’s (rip) it is a high cytotoxic plant protein. high lethality and low cost and easy access to plant and seeds lead to this toxin used in crimes and terrorist acts. because obtaining purified toxins requires advanced laboratory equipment and complex procedures, so, it appears that the perpetrators of such crimes use crude extracts. as a result, remaini...

Using magnetic particles as a solid-phase extraction system is the most frequently used micro-technique for DNA isolation. Particles with a complete covering of magnetic cores by a polymer are hence preferred. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used for the evaluation of the polymer coating efficiency of hydrophilic magnetic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacryla...

background: splicing by overlap extension (soe) pcr is used to create mutation in the coding sequence of an enzyme in order to study the role of specific residues in protein’s structure and function.objectives: we introduced a nested-soe-pcr (n –soe-pcr) in order to increase the specificity and generating mutations in a gene by soe-pcr.  materials and methods: genomic dna from bacillus thermoca...

We report the investigation of fundamental entropic chain effects that enable the tuning of modular ligation chemistry - for example dynamic Diels-Alder (DA) reactions in materials applications - not only classically via the chemistry of the applied reaction sites, but also via the physical and steric properties of the molecules that are being joined. Having a substantial impact on the reaction...

Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1) syndrome is characterized by the development of parathyroid adeno-mas, pituitary adenomas, and duodenal and/or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The vast majority, and possibly all, of these tumors are characterized by two genetic hits—germline mutation of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene combined with allelic deletion of the corresponding wild-type allele (1...

bacterial vaginosis or non-specific vaginitis describes the disease caused by a change in the normal flora of the vagina, which leads to the elimination of lactobacilli, generating hydrogen peroxide and excess growth of bacteria, particularly anaerobic bacteria. this disease is the most prevalent infection of the female genital tract, and the rate of frequency of anaerobic bacteria, specificall...

The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), also called quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction (kPCR), is a technique used to simultaneously quantify and amplify a DNA molecule. It is used to determine whether a specific DNA sequence is present in the sample; and if it is present, the number of copies in the sample. It is the real-t...

b ackground: the main goal of present study was to detect polymorphism in msp-1 gene which is a major blood stage candidate for vaccine in plasmodium vivax by single strand conformational poly- morphism-polymerase chain reaction (sscp-pcr). m ethods: during 2008 to 2010 fifty samples were collected from iranian patients with p. vivax in hormozgan province, southern iran. all of the samples were...