It is well known that abnormal animal behaviour is affected by both environment and genetics. This thesis aimed to use behavioural observations as well as gene expression measurements to explore how animals that perform and receive tail biting (pigs) and feather pecking (laying hens) differ from individuals that are not involved in these behaviours. In study I, the results suggested that tail b...

Is there a pecking order of cross-border investment in that countries become financially integrated through some types of investment rather than others? Using a novel database of bilateral capital stocks for all types of investment – foreign direct investment (FDI), portfolio equity securities, debt securities as well as loans – for a broad set of 77 countries, we show that such a pecking order...

Constructing the capital structure of business organization depends on quite very many perspectives and theories. One of these outlooks is the pecking order approach to capital structure construction. The approach is yet to have seemingly homogenous test both qualitative and quantitative. The non-homogeneity posture has been traced to methodology of analysis and assumptions of adverse selection...

Woodpeckers experience forces up to 1200-1400 g while pecking. It is assumed due to evolutionary adaptations, the woodpecker is immune to brain injury. This assumption has led to the use of the woodpecker as a model in the development of sports safety equipment such as football helmets. However, it is unknown at this time if the woodpecker brain develops neuro-trauma in relation to the high g-f...

Intramascular (IM) administration of apomorphine ( a mixed D1/D2 dopamine receptors agonist ,0.2-1.6 mg/kg ) induced pecking,a stereotype behavior in pigeons in a dosedependent manner. In this study the effect of lithium (Li, 240 mg/kg, IM) and AMI-193(a new 5-HT2 antagonist, 0.003 mg/pigeon) on apomorphine-induced pecking (AIP) were investigated. This study showed that Li and AMI-193 did not i...

The pecking behavior [severe feather, gentle feather, and aggressive pecks (AP)] of individual White Shaver non-cage laying hens (n = 300) was examined at 21, 24, 27, 32, and 37 weeks. Hens were housed in 30 groups of 10 hens each and on 3 cm litter with access to a feeder, perch, and two nest boxes. The number of severe feather pecks given (SFPG) and received (SFPR) was used to categorize hens...