Family firms are one of the most ubiquitous forms business organizations worldwide. Their survival and growth thus not only crucial for themselves but also overall economy. One factors that influence their development financing decisions. These decisions generally described through pecking order theory. However, much is known about applicability this theory in private family firms. Given shortc...

The study is an investigation of the nexus between capital structure and financial returns. was conducted on a panel data all real estate investment trusts in Nigeria (N-REITs) listed Nigerian Stock Exchange during 2009 to 2020. independent variable indicators short-term debt, long-term debt total debt. dependent proxied using 3 accounting measures return asset, equity earnings per share. Data ...

This experiment investigated effects of environmental enrichment and beak-trimming during the rearing period on behavior in rearing and plumage damage later in life. Treatments were applied in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Half of the birds were beak-trimmed at 1 d of age using an infra-red laser. A follow-up light-trim was performed at 11 wk of age with a hot blade. Environmental enrichment c...

The aim of this experiment was to study the relationship between feather pecking and ground pecking in laying hens and the effect of group size on feather pecking behaviour. Hisex White hens were kept in floor pens in group sizes of 15, 30, 60 and 120 birds, each with four replicates. Behavioural observations were performed at four different ages and focused on the number of feather pecks and a...

Chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) learn to peck soon after hatching and then peck in rapid bursts or bouts with intervals of non-pecking activity. The food sources may be static such as seeds and chick crumb, or mobile such as a mealworm. Here, changes with age in pecking toward chick crumb and a mealworm were measured. Chicks were reared in pairs and their pecking of crumb food was video recor...

This paper reports a new test of capital structure theories using a filtering technique to identify large investment projects. Contrary to the results of aggregate studies, firms respond to investment spikes by raising la rge amounts of external finance. Large firms raise debt finance and small firms issue new equity. These results run counter to predictions of the pecking order theory. New equ...