Fast growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has facilitated access to information as well as communication across the world. Although, penetration of ICT is not homogeneous in the developed and developing countries, resulted an increase in the information gap between these regions. There may be several reasons for asymmetrical diffusion but education plays an important role in...

The paper is concerned with the role of international outsourcing and import penetration for determining individual perceived job security. Combining industry-level outsourcing and trade measures with micro-level data from a large household panel survey, we estimate a number of conditional logit models accounting for the ordinal nature of reported job loss fears and individual unobserved hetero...

Most physicians today treat a variety of patients within their practices where a variety of insurance arrangements co-exist. In this paper, we propose several theoretical explanations for physician treatment patterns when the patient population is heterogeneous at the practice level. Data from the 1993-1996 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) are used to test how practice level mana...

Over the last decade, generic penetration in the U.S. pharmaceutical market has increased substantially, providing significant consumer surplus gains. What impact has this rise in generic penetration had on the rate and direction of early stage pharmaceutical innovation? We explore this question using novel data sources and an empirical framework that models the flow of early-stage pharmaceutic...

his paper examines the relationship between penetration pricing strategy and the performance of the SMEs in Kenya. The population for this study consisted of members of staff of selected SMEs in Kenya. Stratified random sampling was used in the study where members of staff from various SMEs were selected and issued with questionnaires. Primary data collection instrument that was used was questi...

Understanding the skin penetration of nanoparticles (NPs) is an important concern due to the increasing presence of NPs in consumer products, including cosmetics. Technical challenges have slowed progress in evaluating skin barrier and NP factors that contribute to skin penetration risk. To limit sampling error and other problems associated with histological processing, many researchers are imp...

One approach to the prevention of schistosomiasis is the use of topical formulations to inhibit cercarial penetration of skin. A number of formulations containing either cercaricidal ingredients or components designed to inhibit penetration have been studied, but with variable results. Such studies have rarely considered the persistence of inhibitory effects through time, and to date, there hav...