In the Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes (TCTSA) it is proposed that on approach to motivated performance situations an individual can respond in a challenge state or a threat state. Challenge and threat states are marked by contrasting patterns of psychological, emotional, and cardiovascular (CV) responses. A challenge state is proposed to maintain or facilitate performance com...

The research literature suggests that children and adolescents suffering from anxiety disorders experience cognitive distortions that magnify their perceived level of threat in the environment. Of these distortions, an attentional bias toward threat-related information has received the most theoretical and empirical consideration. A large volume of research suggests that anxiety-disordered yout...

hepatitis b (hb) is an infectious disease occurring worldwide which can be transferred by some professions, including hairdressers. health education is an essential component of public health campaign about this disease. the purpose of this study was to test the utility of the health belief model (hbm) in understanding and predicating the intention of hairdressers in prevention of hb in their c...