The progress in silicon planar device technologies has led single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) to emerge from the laboratory research phase and be commercially available from various manufactures. QKD systems can already exploit the available planar Si-SPAD devices, but they set strong demand for improved features and performance. A response can be given by new developments in a dedicated sil...

in this paper, the impacts of installing superconducting fault current limiter (sfcl)in radial and loop power distribution system are evaluated to improve voltage sag in both cases of with and without distributed generations (dg). among various sfcls, the hybrid type with a superconducting element in parallel with a current limiting reactor (clr) is selected. this is more effective than resisto...

We study the radial distribution of subhalos and galaxies using high-resolution cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters formed in the concordance ΛCDM cosmology. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the radial distribution of subhalos is significantly less concentrated than that of the dark matter, when subhalos are selected using their present-day gravitationally bound mass. We...

increasing demand for food production in the recent years has raised the usage of granular fertilizers. consequently, the growing use of fertilizers has reduced the quality and quantity of crop production. in addition pollution problems such as soil and water (surface and subterranean water) contaminations has increased. consistent spreading of fertilizers in the farmlands is of fundamental rul...

We discuss some aspects of interactions of high-frequency electromagnetic waves with plasmas, assuming that the intensity of radiation is sufficiently large, so that the photon-photon interaction is more likely than the photon-plasma particle interaction. In the stationary limit, solving the kinetic equation of the photon gas, we derive a distribution function. With this distribution function a...

in practical situations, distribution network loads are the mixtures of residential, industrial, and commercial types. this paper presents a hybrid optimization algorithm for the optimal placement of shunt capacitor banks in radial distribution networks in the presence of different voltage-dependent load models. the algorithm is based on the combination of genetic algorithm (ga) and binary part...

ntroduction:  monte  carlo  simulation  is  the  most  accurate  method  of  simulating  radiation  transport  and  predicting doses at different points of interest in radiotherapy. a great advantage of the monte carlo method  compared  to  the  deterministic  methods  is  the  ability  to  deal  accurately  with  any  complex  geometry.  its  disadvantage is the extremely long computing time r...