The Kyoto Protocol for preventing global warming was adopted at the Conference of Parties III (COP3) of The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997. This Protocol established numerical targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 for each of the participating industrialized countries. In February 2005, the Kyoto Protocol was enacted a...

In recent years, the renewable energy Distributed Generation (DG) sources like Photovoltaic, Wind farms gain more importance in the distribution network due to its fuel free, emission less operation and their system loss reduction capability, when they are placed in an optimal place/location with an optimal size. This paper presents the application of Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution Algori...

Photovoltaic power generation system implements an effective utilization of solar energy, but generally has very low conversion efficiency. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize the photovoltaic array output power, irrespective of the temperature and irradiation conditions and of the load electrical characteristics. A MPPT system has been developed...

We present the development of a dynamic software simulation environment for modelling small and large scale photovoltaic (PV) energy generation systems. The model elements of solar panels, Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPT) and solar inverters were integrated to a simulator system providing weather and power grid models as well as simulation of combustion power plants. The integrated system en...

Now a day‟s electricity is most needed facility for the human being. All the conventional energy resources are depleting day by day. So we have to shift from conventional to non-conventional energy resources. In this the combination of two energy resources is takes place i.e. wind and solar energy. This process reviles the sustainable energy resources without damaging the nature. Renewable ener...

A number of photovoltaic pilot projects have been started in Botswana since 1990. The first photovoltaic project was Manyana PV project which started in 1992. The Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) PV solar pilot project is the most recent PV solar project in Botswana, which was launched in 2003 at Kudumatse, Motlhabaneng, and Lorolwana villages. The primary objective of all these...

Photovoltaic generation forecasting is one of the main tasks of the planning and operation in power system. Especially with the development of mico-grid, relative study on renewable energy generation gain more and more concerns. In this paper, a short-term forecasting model combining knowledge and intelligent algorithm is developed for photovoltaic array generation. Self-organizing map (SOM) is...

With the rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves, it is feared that the world will soon run out of its energy resources. This is a matter of concern for developing countries whose economy heavily leans on its use of energy. Under the circumstances it is highly desirable that renewable energy resources should be utilized with maximum conversion efficiency to cope with the ever increasing energy ...