The ancient Babylonians had an iterative technique for numerically approximating the values of square roots. Their method can be physically implemented using series and parallel resistor networks. A recursive formula for the equivalent resistance Req is developed and converted into a nonrecursive solution for circuits using geometrically increasing numbers of identical resistors. As an example,...

Due to their fast response, high accuracy and non-friction force, piezo-actuators have been widely employed in multiple degree-of-freedom (DOF) stages for various nano-positioning applications. The use of flexible hinges in these piezo-actuator-driven stages allows the elimination of the influence of friction and backlash clearance, as observed in other configurations; meanwhile it also causes ...

Unimorph design consisting of a piezoceramic bonded to an elastic surface is the most common structure used to induce deformations. The analytic models developed by Park and Agrawal are extensively used to determine the induced strain on piezo-actuated surfaces. These models are based on different strain distribution hypothesis that, however, do not consider the relative thickness size between ...

Piezo ion channels have been found to be essential for mechanical responses in cells. These channels were first shown to exist in Neuro2A cells, and the gene was identified by siRNAs that diminished the mechanical response. Piezo channels are approximately 2500 amino acids long, have between 24-32 transmembrane regions, and appear to assemble into tetramers and require no other proteins for act...

We introduce a setup which realises a tunable engineered environment for experiments in circuit quantum electrodynamics. We illustrate this concept with the specific example of a quantum bit, qubit, in a high-quality-factor cavity which is capacitively coupled to another cavity including a resistor. The temperature of the resistor, which acts as the dissipative environment, can be controlled in...

In this study, we propose two types of coupled oscillators networks and investigate their steady states. One network has two-dimensional honeycomb structure. The other network has twedimensional lattice structure. In the Honeycomb circuit, adjacent three oscillators are coupled by one coupling resistor and it is considered that the voltages of three oscillators around a coupling resistor make t...

This paper describes a new widely tunable transconductor that can realize a channel-select filter having both of these characteristics. The transconductor includes a new negative source degeneration resistor. The paper also discusses the measured results obtained for the 6-order elliptic LPF adopting this new circuit. We propose a new negative source degeneration resistor (NSDR) transconductor ...

The sub-threshold R-MOSFET resistor structure which enables tuning range extension below the threshold voltage in the MOSFET with moderate to weak inversion operation is analyzed in detail. The principal operation of the sub-threshold resistor is briefly described. The analysis of its characteristic based on approximations of a general MOS equation valid for all regions is given along with disc...

In this paper, a low voltage CMOS current controlled floating resistor which is convenient for integrated circuit implementation is designed by using differential pair. The proposed resistor has a simple circuit structure and low power dissipation. This circuit is required ±0.75 V as a power supply. The basic advantages of this circuit are wide tuning range of the resistance value, satisfied fr...

Electric brain stimulations such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) electrophysiologically modulate brain activity and as a result sometimes modulate behavioral performances. These stimulations can be viewed from an engineering standpoint as involving an artificial electric sour...