We use a ballistic model to simulate the particle number densities in plumes on Io as a function of eruption rates and particle size distributions. Comparison of the simulated apparent brightness variations within plumes with the properties of actual plumes allows constraints to be put on the particle sizes present and the eruption rates. We find evidence for lower eruption rates, by a factor o...

Abstract. When we want to extract knowledge form satellite images, several well-known image classification and analysis techniques can be concatenated or combined gain a more detailed target understanding. In our case, concentrated on specific extended areas such as polar ice-covered surfaces, forests shrouded by fire plumes, flooded areas, shorelines. These types described characteristic featu...

Coronal holes are well accepted to be source regions of the fast solar wind. As one common structures in coronal holes, plumes might contribute origin nascent To estimate contribution wind, we make first attempt their populations polar holes. By comparing observations viewed from two different angles taken by twin satellites STEREO and results Monte Carlo simulations, about 16--27 rooted an are...

We present an analysis of ozone (O3) photochemistry observed by aircraft measurements of boreal biomass burning plumes over eastern Canada in the summer of 2011. Measurements of O3 and a number of key chemical species associated with O3 photochemistry, including non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total nitrogen containing species (NOy), were made from the UK FAAM BAe-14...

We use the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) to determine the concentrations of the trace gases CO, O3, NH3, and formic acid (HCOOH) within boreal biomass burning plumes. We focus on 22 plumes observed by TES between June 15 and July 15, 2008 as part of the summer Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS-B) campaign. Only four of these pl...

We present a systematic experimental study of geometric and physical properties of thermal plumes in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection using the thermochromic-liquid-crystal (TLC) technique. The experiments were performed in three water-filled cylindrical convection cells with aspect ratios 2, 1 and 0.5 and over the Rayleigh number range 5× 107 6 Ra 6 1011. TLC thermal images of horizontal p...

A high-resolution model is used to characterize the dominant patterns of sea surface salinity (SSS) variability generated by the freshwater discharges of the Rio de la Plata (RdlP) and the Patos/Mirim Lagoon in the southwestern Atlantic region. We identify three dominant modes of SSS variability. The first two, which have been discussed in previous studies, represent the seasonal and the intera...

Robots are needed to locate the sources of toxic chemical plumes. Lobsters, which track odor plumes for many ecologically crucial activities, can provide inspiration for robot designers. Before accurate search strategies for robots can be developed, how odor molecules are captured by the lobster's chemosensors must be understood. A recent study by Koehl et al. shows how lobster olfactory antenn...

We report far-ultraviolet observations of Jupiter's moon Europa taken by Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in January and February 2014 to test the hypothesis that the discovery of a water vapor aurora in December 2012 by local hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) emissions with the STIS originated from plume activity possibly correlated with Europa's distan...