Social norms can be oppressive or empowering; and so can laws. Norms are sometimes described as emergent rules or behavioural regularities that arise as solutions to collective action problems of various kinds faced by individuals when they interact with each other. Examples include rules of combat, courtship rituals, and informal systems of property rights that determine what members of a grou...

Modeling free-form shapes in a 3D space is one of the difficult problems in computer graphics. In a parametric patch, intuitive control of free-form shapes is not easy. Modeling methods based on strict physical laws need considerable computation time to deform objects, which are not suitable for interactive applications. In this paper we focus on a cellular automaton and try to apply it to inte...

What are the interpretations of idea liberty that presented in current discussions within political philosophy? This concept, being too vague, tries to delimit itself three most relevant proposals philosophical and debates. Two them given through modernity, which can be subdivided into universals, based on prohibitive laws and, secondly, individual, who selection permissive laws. The third cont...

OBJECTIVES We investigated the extent to which the political economy of US states, including the relative power of organized labor, predicts rates of fatal occupational injury. METHODS We described states' political economies with 6 contextual variables measuring social and political conditions: "right-to-work" laws, union membership density, labor grievance rates, state government debt, unem...

the present research with an emphasis on coffee houses at qajar age has recognized motives and effect of social and political factors such as conditional event in formation of art traditions in coffee house so as to examine the communication function of coffee house painting at this space. coffee house at qajar age has been found as a place for people’s gathering which had communicative-cultura...

Registered women’s non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the Islamic Republic of Iran occupy a critical space socio-political landscape. They are neither government insiders nor anti-regime activists, instead advocating for incremental change within constraints system. Drawing on interviews with NGO leaders, this article sheds light objectives and activities five registered as they work so-c...

this article which is aimed at regulating the change of laws in legislative system of islamic republic of iran, intends to shed light over a significant change which has recently been taken place in the inheritance law of iran. (articles 946-949 of civl law of iran). this is analyzed from various view points such as historical, political, social, economic, legal and juridical aspect. the probab...