Given the success of formal approach, within contemporary epistemology, to understanding degreed belief, some philosophers have recently considered its extension challenge intention. According them, (1) intentions can also admit degrees, as beliefs do, and (2) these states are all governed by norms probability calculus, such that rational for belief intention exhibit certain structural similari...

while kant presupposes the existence of science and ethic, he studies their boundaries and limits as well. for doing this, he applies two terms and expressions, i.e., “reason” and “understanding”. in this paper, we take a look at the definitions of those two concepts in kant’s terminology within the approach that discriminates their differences. at first, the placement of these two faculties in...

This essay is about how four deeply important Kantian ideas can significantly illuminate some essentially intertwined issues in philosophical theology, philosophical logic, the metaphysics of agency, and above all, morality. These deeply important Kantian ideas are: (1) Kant’s argument for the impossibility of the Ontological Argument, (2) Kant’s first “postulate of pure practical reason,” immo...

the popular belief among scientists regarding human essence is that human being is a rational animal. to them, rationality means having the theoretical intellect, i.e. the potential to think and to conceive universal concepts. therefore, according to the popular viewpoint, man is a rational animal who is able to think. the aim of this article is to prove that the belief in god and having the re...