Climate-induced shifts in the timing of life-history events are a worldwide phenomenon, and these shifts can de-synchronize species interactions such as predator-prey relationships. In order to understand the ecological implications of altered seasonality, we need to consider how shifts in phenology interact with other agents of environmental change such as exploitation and disease spread, whic...

Learning and memory provide the flexibility an organism requires to respond to changing social and ecological conditions. Juvenile Lymnaea have previously been shown to have a diminished capacity to form long-term memory (LTM) following operant conditioning of aerial respiratory behavior. Juvenile Lymnaea, however, can form LTM following classical conditioning of appetitive behaviors. Here, we ...

one may find out the application‎ ‎of mathematics in the areas of ecology‎, ‎biology‎, ‎environmental‎ ‎sciences etc‎. ‎mathematics is particulary used in the problem of‎ ‎predator-prey known as lotka-volterra predator-prey equations.‎ ‎indeed‎, ‎differential equations is employed very much in many areas‎ ‎of other sciences‎. ‎however‎, ‎most of natural problems involve some‎ ‎unknown functions...

We have studied the effects of spatial learning and predator stress-induced amnesia on the expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and calcineurin in the hippocampus, basolateral amygdala (BLA), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Adult male rats were given a single training session in the radial-arm water maze (RAWM) comp...

Introduction: Gestational stress can lead to cerebral functional disorders, such as epilepsy, probably due to the disturbance in the cerebral maturation and causing abnormal neuronal correlations. In the present study, effect of gestational Predator Stress on the neonatal epileptic behaviors was investigated in rats. Methods: Female rats (200 ± 20 g) were divided into two groups intact pregn...

Ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) reaching the earth's surface has increased due to human-caused stratospheric ozone depletion. Whereas the harmful effects of UVB on aquatic organisms are well studied at the molecular and cellular level, recent studies have also begun to address behavioural changes caused by sublethal amounts of UVB. However, the behavioural consequences of long-term exposure to ec...

Differences in the rate of maternal behaviours received by rodent offspring are associated with differential programming of molecular and behavioural components of anxiety and stress-related functions. To determine the degree to which maternal behaviours are sensitive to environmental conditions, Long-Evans rat dams were exposed to the odour of a predator (cat) at two different time points duri...

This study sought to analyze specific pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the progression of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by utilizing an animal model. To examine PTSD pathophysiology, we measured damaging reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines to determine if oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, adrenal glands, and systemic circulation were upregulated in ...

In this paper, effect of alternative resource for top predator in food chain model with holling type III functional response is seen . Proposed model is demonstrated in respect of analytical as well numerical results. Bifurcation study with the variation of alternative resource and half saturation constants are done numerically. Simulation results shows that suitable alternati...