Principal component analysis (PCA) is a ubiquitous statistical technique for data analysis. PCA is however limited by its linearity and may sometimes be too simple for dealing with real-world data especially when the relations among variables are nonlinear. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of nonlinear generalizations of PCA, as for instance nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPC...

Principal coordinate analysis (PCO), as a duality of principal component analysis (PCA), is also a classical method for exploratory data analysis. In this paper we propose a probabilistic PCO by using a normal latent variable model in which maximum likelihood estimation and an expectation-maximization algorithm are respectively devised to calculate the configurations of objects in a lowdimensio...