The large shift of U.S. employment from goods producers to service producers has generated concern over future income distribution, because of perceived large relative pay differences. This paper applies a nonparametric density overlap statistic to compare the sectors’ distribution of full-time, weekly wages at all wage levels. To counter problematic features of Current Population Survey data--...

Fair Trade attempts to address the poverty issues of small Southern producers through the payment of a 'fair price' for their goods and the provision of support services for producer organisations. Although Fair Trade is overwhelmingly identified with the 'fair price' paid by participating importers and buyers, sketching the possible avenues of impact reveal that many of the effects of Fair Tra...

E nvironmental policy once focused only on producers: the relatively few business enterprises that needed to clean up their smokestacks and sewage outfalls. While important, emphasis on producers hasn’t been enough to stem the tide of environmental degradation, because many of the worst insults come from consumption activities, not production. Consumption-related problems are large and growing,...

A consumer is considered as a person or group of people who uses purchased goods, products, services only for personal use, and not manufacturing resale. Consumers usually purchase valuable useful commodities goods by spending all partial their income. The property commodity that enables it to satisfy human wants called utility. Producers must be conscious increase the utility among consumers. ...

Life cycle assessment (LCA) applications within large European firms are discussed. Many industrial applications have been proposed for cradle to grave assessments of environmental burdens of products, including technology design and optimization, technology strategy, green marketing and environmental foresight. There is evidence of a growth of LCA competences and applications within industrial...

Bacteria produce a great diversity of siderophores to scavenge for iron in their environment. We suggest that this diversity results from the interplay between siderophore producers (cooperators) and non-producers (cheaters): when there are many cheaters exploiting a siderophore type it is beneficial for a mutant to produce a siderophore unusable by the dominant population. We formulated and an...

the neo- classical school on the situation of the individual and claims that individuals (consumers and producers) meet each in the market. on the supply side, there exists possibility of substitution between factors of production and, on the demand side, substitution by consumers between final goods. in the neo- classical production function capital and labor are taken as the determniants of t...

Ecological antagonisms such as predation, parasitism, competition, and abiotic environmental stress play key roles in shaping population biology, in particular by inducing stress responses and selecting for tolerant or resistant phenotypes. Little is known, however, about their impact on social traits, such as the production of public goods. Evolutionary trade-off theory predicts that adaptatio...

This paper follows a knowledge production function approach to assess the contribution of R&D spending, the purchase of new machinery, and producers-users interaction to the productivity performance of German and Italian firms in manufacturing. For this purpose it employs micro-aggregated data from the First Community Innovation Survey. The regression analysis confirms the results of previous s...

Prior studies have shown that traders quickly converge to the price-quantity equilibrium in markets for goods that are immediately consumed, but they produce speculative price bubbles in resalable asset markets. We present a stock-flow model of durable assets in which the existing stock of assets is subject to depreciation and producers may produce additional units of the asset. In our laborato...