Although filling the gap in reading comprehension gained momentum with the rise of the top-down approach, Vygotsky’ concept of scaffolding and the dual code  theory provided a strong support for the use of paratext to enhance comprehension. Scaffolding is dependent on other-regulation, one type of which is object-regulation. From this vantage-point, various types of paratext can function as sou...

Abstract This longitudinal study explored the roles of item- and learner-related variables in L2 learners’ development productive collocation knowledge (L1 = Dutch; German; N Learners 50). Learners’ form recall 35 target collocations was measured three times over a 3-year period. The item-related investigated were L1-L2 congruency, corpus frequency, association strength, imageability. We also p...

The Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey (LIDNS) was carried out to secure robust information on food consumption, nutrient intakes and nutritional status and the factors affecting these variables in materially-deprived households. The survey successfully secured a sample that was representative of the 15% most-deprived households in the UK using a multi-stage clustered design to select potenti...