SDG Target 4.6 requires that by 2030 Member States ‘ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy’ (WEF, 2016, p. 46). The principles, strategies and actions for this target are ‘underpinned by a contemporary understanding of literacy not as a simple dichotomy of “literate” versus “illiterate”, but as a continuum of proficiency l...

The present study was carried out to investigate whether there is any relationship between the language learners' general language proficiency level and language learning strategies at elementary and intermediate level in Iran. The research tried to find out how learners’ proficiency level influences language learning strategies employed by learners. In addition the study seeks to identify the ...

The present study aimed to assess the target and present reading comprehension needs and abilities of Iranian medical students with different levels of English language proficiency. A total of 283 medical students and 23 ESP instructors were chosen through cluster sampling. The data collection instruments included the Persian version of Atai and Nazari’s (2011) needs analysis questionnaire and ...

the purpose of this study was to see the role of english language proficiency level and sex on iranian students’ beliefs about language learning. this study also investigated the usefulness of the balli questionnaire (horwits, 1988), which checks learners’ beliefs, for the context of iranian english language learners through conducting an interview. a total of 171 iranian learners from safir in...

This study examined how speaker gender and talker proficiency affected realization of Taiwan Min /dz/ among young speakers of the 漳 Chiang and Mix dialect. Ten males and seven females with adequate proficiency were recruited to perform a paragraph reading task. Five major variant categories were observed, including dental sibilant, dental nonsibilant, velar obstruent, lateral, and retroflex. Ge...

The benefit mutually gained by cooperators is considered the ultimate explanation for why cooperation evolved among non-relatives. During intergroup competition, cooperative behaviours within groups that provide a competitive edge over their opposition should be favoured by selection, particularly in lethal human warfare. Aside from forming larger groups, three other ways that individuals withi...

Groups are used widely in the language classroom and, particularly in classes where there is a wide range of English proficiency among students, teachers may want to construct balanced groups based on the language proficiency of individual students. In order to construct such groups, teachers need a reliable measure that effectively differentiates between different levels of proficiency, and ye...