Conscious mental states are states we are in some way aware of. I compare higher-order theories of consciousness, which explain consciousness by appeal to such higher-order awareness (HOA), and first-order theories, which do not, and I argue that higher-order theories have substantial explanatory advantages. The higher-order nature of our awareness of our conscious states suggests an analogy wi...

Controversies about the psychological implications of culture pervade the crosscultural management literature. When management scholars presume that psychological topics are universal, they are berated for their ethnocentrism (Boyacigiller & Adler, 1991; Wilpert, 1995). However, attempts to link psychology with culture face the dual perils of attributing psychological qualities to societies or ...

We need well-founded theories linking attentional phenomena at the cognitive, psychological level to neurophysiological phenomena at the level of individual neurons, and we want the theories to be as precise as possible. Is it currently feasible to formulate such theories in mathematical terms? Here I argue, by example, for a positive answer. My example is the neural theory of visual attention ...

This chapter begins with an examination of adult learning theories. It follows with a brief overview of selected theories of adult development, including “traditional” theories that emphasize sequential and psychological development and alternative frameworks that are more concerned with the sociocultural context of development. Next I briefly review studies examining adults as learners in the ...

We present an agent-based model for studying the societal implications of attitude change theories. Various psychological theories persuasive communication at individual level are implemented as simulation experiments. The allows us to investigate effects contagion and assimilation, motivated cognition, polarity, source credibility, idiosyncratic formation. Simulations show that different produ...

Much of psychology focuses on universal principles of thought and action. Although an extremely productive pursuit, this approach, by describing only the "average person," risks describing no one in particular. This article discusses an alternate approach that complements interests in universal principles with analyses of the unique psychological meaning that individuals find in their experienc...

This chapter reviews psychological theories of leadership and selected literature on the American presidency to highlight key psychological principles of presidential leadership. Psychological theories, framed by the principles of leadership outlined by Freud (1921), include those of Burns (1978, 2003) on transformational leadership, Bass (1997) and House & Shamir (1993) on charismatic and tran...

Borderline personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder are important nosographic entities and have been subject of intensive investigations. The currently prevailing psychodynamic theory for mental disorders is based on the repertoire of defense mechanisms employed. Another line of research is concerned with the study of psychological traumas and dissociation as a defensive respo...