The liver is the organ by which the majority of substances are metabolized, including psychotropic drugs. There are several pharmacokinetic changes in end-stage liver disease that can interfere with the metabolization of psychotropic drugs. This fact is particularly true in drugs with extensive first-pass metabolism, highly protein bound drugs and drugs depending on phase I hepatic metabolic re...

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive method for studying magnetic fields generated by simultaneously firing neurons outside the skull. The skull, scalp and brain tissue do not distort magnetic fields, so the cortical activity can be easily measured. MEG is starting to be used to explore the effects of various psychopharmacological agents on resting brain, sensory and cognitive process...

As a new school year approaches, nurses will find themselves faced with students with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Navigating the diagnostic label changes and numerous psychopharmacological treatment options can prove time-consuming and confusing. The current article explores the early years of symptom identification, various diagnostic labels, and subsequent psy...

Despite adherence to treatment guidelines, some patients are resistant to several psychopharmacological interventions. Guidelines to overcome treatment resistance are scarce and new treatment modalities are needed. When confronted with psychopharmacological failure, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy can be considered. In these case series a combative high frequency (HF...

Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is a common atypical eating disorder. The treatment of BED calls for multi-professional expertise and co-operation between doctors, psychologists and nutritional therapists. Different therapeutic and psychosocial approaches are the primary means in treating BED. Medication may be used as supportive treatment. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the mo...