Activation of cannabinoid receptor type 2 has been shown to have anti-fibrosis function in skin and heart. However, whether activating cannabinoid receptor type 2 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis remains elusive. Lung fibroblasts and TGF-β1 are key players in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. In this research, we aimed to investigate the role of cannabinoid receptor type 2 in pulmonary fibrosi...

The association between digital clubbing and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has been well established; however, the simultaneous occurrence of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy and interstitial fibrosis, in the absence of neoplastic disease, has only been described in two case reports and was not mentioned in any of 336 patients described in several recent reviews. Among 70 patients referr...

We report the anesthetic management of a patient with severe pulmonary fibrosis for laparoscopic cholecystectomy using an i-gel. A 59-yr-old, 75 kg female was undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. The patient had severe pulmonary fibrosis requiring oxygen therapy at home. I-gel has proved to be effective in a patient with severe pulmonary fibrosis who underwe...

Better survival in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema than in lone pulmonary fibrosis: bias or reality? A response to Centrilobular emphysema combined with pulmonary fibrosis results in improved survival by Todd et al., Fibrogenesis & Tissue Repair 2011, 4:6.Please see related letter http://fibrogenesis.com/content/4/1/17.

Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a distinct clinical entity characterized by the simultaneous coexistence of both upper lobe emphysema and lower lobe pulmonary fibrosis. Although it was first described in 1990, it has not received enough recognition. Due to its unique lung function and clinical profile, pulmonologists should be aware of its existence while evaluating patients...

REFERENCES 1 Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 788–824. 2 du Bois RM. Strategies for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9: 129–140. 3 Papiris SA, Manali ED, Kolilekas L, et al. Clinical review: idio...

Aberrant wound-healing responses to injury have been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, but the mediators directing these pathologic responses have yet to be fully identified. We show that lysophosphatidic acid levels increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following lung injury in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis, and that mice lacking one of its receptors, LPA1, ar...

BACKGROUND Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are major causes of morbidity and mortality among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, acute exacerbations remain unpredictable. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with idiopa...

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and fatal idiopathic interstitial pneumonia characterized by chronic progressive of indeterminate etiology. In 2018, American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Japanese Latin Society published joint clinical practice guidelines for IPF. The require exclusion known causes lung disease identification a radiological and/or pathologic patt...

Five dogs presented with chronic and progressive pulmonary illness characterized by progressive dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and significant inspiratory crackles on auscultation. Radiographically, there was a widespread and diffuse interstitial lung pattern with varying degrees of bronchial involvement. Histopathological changes included thickened alveolar septa, interstitial fibrosis, and pn...