High-order harmonic generation (HHG) from aligned molecules has provided a promising way to probe the molecular orbital with an Ångström resolution. This method, usually called molecular orbital tomography (MOT) replies on a simple assumption of the plane-wave approximation (PW), which has long been questioned due to that PW approximation is known to be valid in the keV energy region. However, ...

Over the last 20 to 30 years, there has been a significant amount of tools and statistical methods that have been proposed for analyzing crash data. Yet, the Poisson-gamma (PG) is still the most commonly used and widely acceptable model. This paper documents the application of the Poisson-Weibull (PW) generalized linear model (GLM) for modeling motor vehicle crashes. The objectives of this stud...

Water consumption promotes a decrease in total diet energy intake, and one explanation for this fact is the replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) by plain water (PW). The objective of this study was to analyze the association between SSB and PW consumption as a part of the total energy intake. Dietary information was obtained by one 24 h recall of 2536 school-age children who particip...

The prevalence of asthma and allergic disease has increased in many countries and there has been speculation that immunization promotes allergic sensitization. Bordetella pertussis infection exacerbates allergic asthmatic responses. We investigated whether whole-cell pertussis vaccine (Pw) enhanced or prevented B. pertussis induced exacerbation of allergic asthma. Groups of mice were immunized ...

In this paper, we present a result concerning the relation between the path-with of a planar graph and the path-width of its dual. More precisely, we prove that for a 3-connected planar graph G, pw(G) ≤ 3pw(G∗) + 2. For 4-connected planar graphs, and more generally for Hamiltonian planar graphs, we prove a stronger bound pw(G∗) ≤ 2 pw(G) + c. The best previously known bound was obtained by Fomi...

Estimation of probability density functions (pdf) is one major topic in pattern recognition. Parametric techniques rely on an arbitrary assumption on the form of the underlying, unknown distribution. Nonparametric techniques remove this assumption In particular, the Parzen Window (PW) relies on a combination of local window functions centered in the patterns of a training sample. Although effec...

The 2 goals of this study were to develop and validate a performance measure of personal wisdom (PW) and to examine age differences. On the basis of the Berlin wisdom paradigm and growth theories of personality, 5 criteria of PW were developed. A sample of 83 younger adults (ages 20-40) and 78 older adults (ages 60-80) thought aloud about a PW task. Transcribed answers were rated. Validity was ...

Clostridium difficile colonization in pig intestine has been a public health concern. We analyzed C. difficile prevalence among piglets in Japan to clarify their origin and extent of the associated risk by using molecular and microbiological methods for both swine and human clinical isolates and foreign isolates. C. difficile was isolated from 120 neonatal piglet fecal samples. Toxin gene profi...

Fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammal share the interesting physiological fact that their plasma salt concentration ([Na ϩ ] pw) is virtually identical, amounting to ϳ9 g/l. This is the equivalent of a 0.9% salt solution. In humans, the [Na ϩ ] pw is maintained within a very narrow range, where its value varies by only 1% (11). Diseases that perturb the [Na ϩ ] pw are collectively known...

A mass problem is a set of Turing oracles. If P and Q are mass problems, we say that P is weakly reducible to Q if for all Y ∈ Q there exists X ∈ P such that X is Turing reducible to Y . A weak degree is an equivalence class of mass problems under mutual weak reducibility. Let Pw be the lattice of weak degrees of mass problems associated with nonempty Π1 subsets of the Cantor space. The lattice...