This review introduces methods for investigating relationships between two qualitative (categorical) variables. The chi2 test of association is described, together with the modifications needed for small samples. The test for trend, in which at least one of the variables is ordinal, is also outlined. Risk measurement is discussed. The calculation of confidence intervals for proportions and diff...

BACKGROUND Routine preoperative testing is ineffective and costly. We explored reasons for the continued use of unnecessary preoperative tests and approaches to limit such testing. METHODS We interviewed 23 physicians and nurse administrators involved in preoperative decision-making in our local health care environment. We conducted interviews using a semi-structured format and analyzed the d...

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dear editor multiple choice tests are the most common objective tests in medical education which are used to assess the ind­ividual knowledge, recall, recognition and problem solving abilities. one of the testing components is the post-test analysis. this component includes; first, qualitative analysis of the taxonomy of questions based on the bloom’s educational objectives and percentage of th...

The qualitative tests most commonly used for acetone bodies in the urine are the sodium nitroprusside test and the ferric chloride test. These are usually regarded as selective tests for acetone and diacetic acids, respectively. In fact, few text-books on methods of analysis mention the sodium nitroprusside test as a test for diacetic acid, while some workers-Harding and Ruttan (1) and Hunter (...

OBJECTIVE This paper demonstrates the establishment of an extra-curricular education program in Chinese context and evaluates its effectiveness on undergraduate nursing students' self-directed learning. METHODS Zimmerman's self-directed learning model was used as the theoretical framework for the development of an education program. Mixed-method was applied in this research study. 165 undergr...

Controlling complex dynamic systems requires skills that operators often cannot completely describe, but can demonstrate . This paper is concerned with the problem of transfer of human control skill into an automatic controller . The process of reconstructing a skill from an operator's behavioural traces by means of Machine Learning (ML) techniques is called behavioural cloning . This paper foc...

The qualitative tests most commonly used for acetone bodies in the urine are the sodium nitroprusside test and the ferric chloride test. These are usually regarded as selective tests for acetone and diacetic acids, respectively. In fact, few text-books on methods of analysis mention the sodium nitroprusside test as a test for diacetic acid, while some workers-Harding and Ruttan (1) and Hunter (...

INTRODUCTION Contingency management (CM) is one of the most common therapies in the domain of drug addiction. This study has been carried out with the purpose of evaluating the efficacy of contingency management intervention. METHOD In an experimental design, between December 15, 2014 and November 20, 2015, fifty men (between 18 and 31 with an average age of 24.6) with a history of cocaine us...