The analysis of differences in gene expression is dependent on normalization using reference genes. However, the expression of many of these reference genes, as evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, is upregulated in acute pancreatitis, so they cannot be used as the standard for gene expression in this condition. For this reason, we sought to identify a stable reference gene, or a suitable combinat...

The use of molecular techniques such as quantitative RT-PCR depends on the quality of cellular RNA. In particular, RNA extraction from endoscopic biopsies is difficult with respect to yield, and especially integrity. Endoscopic biopsies taken from the gastric antrum, corpus and duodenum were subjected to various RNA extraction protocols, and the RNA was used for quantitative RT-PCR. The subsequ...

This paper presents the design of RT-Appia, a framework for the development and implementation of configurable real-time protocol stacks. The goal of RT-Appia is to allow the construction of specialized protocols through the composition of pre-defined micro-protocols. RT-Appia attempts to balance the flexibility and efficiency of micro-protocols with the predictability requirements of real-time...

Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) is typically used to assay transcript abundance (often generalized as “gene expression”) by measuring a specific cDNA level. The method is very sensitive and is suitable for a broad range of cDNA concentrations. Its reliability depends on, among other factors, appropriate normalization (for a review, see References 1 and 2). The preferred method o...

Molecular technologies are currently evolving rapidly in agricultural and veterinary sciences. This results in an immense progress in the accumulation of new data potentially useful for molecular diagnostics in farm animal physiology, immunology, diseases and new breeding strategies. While we are still at the “very beginning” of understanding genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in relation...

Peppermint has considerable commercial value and widely cultivated for essential oil production, especially menthol. The aim of this study was to determine the quantitative expression of pulegone reductase (pr), menthofuran synthase (mfs) and limonene synthase (ls) genes in menthol biosynthesis pathway in Mentha x piperita , using semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis and evaluating menthol producti...

Introduction: Diazinon is one of the most widely-used organophosphate pesticides in the world. This toxin enters the body in various ways and induces oxidative stress in various tissues. It has been proved that activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) under oxidative stress is a steady mechanism for maintaining cell function and survival. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the ef...

HIV-1 RT is one of the key enzymes in the duplication of HIV-1. Inhibitors of HIV-1 RT are classified as nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) and nucleoside analogues. NNRTIs bind in a region not associated with the active site of the enzyme. Within the NNRTI category, there is a set of inhibitors commonly referred to as TIBO inhibitors. Fifty TIBO inhibitors were used in the work to build 3-D ...

IFN-gamma mRNA expression was evaluated in nonstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV-infected and seronegative individuals using quantitative competitive and semiquantitative RT-PCR and the sensitivity of these methods was compared. A significant correlation was found between quantitative competitive and semiquantitative RT-PCR in samples of both HIV-seronegative (P = 0.004...