[1] Many climate change forecasts project more extreme precipitation regimes (MEPR) in the future, characterized by more intense but less frequent storms. Plausible impacts of MEPR have drawn considerable attention from hydrologists and ecologists, but the hydrological impacts of MEPR in snowfall-dominated regions are less clear. Here we quantify the impacts of MEPR on the maximum seasonal snow...

The Lin-hail microphysics scheme is based on Lin et al. (1983) as modified by the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Modeling Group (Tao and Simpson, 1993; Braun and Tao, 2000). It includes six classes of water species representing water vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, rain, snow and hail. The size distributions of the precipitating species (rain, snow and hail) are assumed to follow an exponential distri...

p. 14679, l. 21: The reviewer is right by stating that a diagnostic treatment of snow is especially worrisome because of lower fall speed of snow and of the larger distances from the cloud to the surface. We are aware of that and the extension of the prognostic treatment to snow is work in progress. But as the current study focuses on warm rain processes and the effect of Giant CCN (like sea sa...

While hydroxyl radical (OH) in the snowpack is likely a dominant oxidant for organic species and bromide, little is known about the kinetics or steady-state concentrations of OH on/in snow 10 and ice. Here we measure the formation rate, lifetime, and concentration of OH for illuminated polar snow samples studied in the laboratory and in the field. Laboratory studies show that OH kinetics and st...

Free space optics (FSO) uses air as a transmission medium and is significantly affected by the various weather conditions such as haze, rain, fog, snow, wind, etc. In this paper, the behaviour of 16 × 2.5Gb/s FSO system under the effect of the most critical weather conditions using RZ format has been investigated. The operating channel frequencies range from 193.4THz to 189.7THz with the freque...

One of the most adverse weather phenomena in Catalonia are thunderstorms producing severe weather phenomenon like heavy rainfalls, hail storms, or tornadoes. Sometimes, these thunderstorms seem to have marked paths although in some cases these trajectories vary sharply, changing completely the movement directions that have previously followed, either breaking into several cells, or joining into...

In order to rationally evaluate the high speed railway operation safety level, the environmental safety evaluation index system of high speed railway should be well established by means of analyzing the impact mechanism of severe weather such as raining, thundering, lightning, earthquake, winding, and snowing. In addition to that, the attribute recognition will be identified to determine the si...

The Japan Meteorological Agency operates gridded temperature guidance to predict two-dimensional snowfall amounts and precipitation types, e.g., rain snow, because surface is one of the key elements them. Operational based on Kalman filter, which uses observation numerical weather prediction (NWP) outputs only around sites. Correcting a field when NWP models incorrectly front's location or obse...

This article presents snow hydrology updates made to iTree-Hydro, previously called the Urban Forest Effects—Hydrology model. iTree-Hydro Version 1 was a warm climate model developed by the USDA Forest Service to provide a process-based planning tool with robust water quantity and quality predictions given data limitations common to most urban areas. Cold climate hydrology routines presented in...