The dependence of the ramp geometry on highor low-angle ion-beam etching, used to structure ramp-type Josephson junctions based on ReBa2Cu3O7−δ high-Tc superconductors, is investigated by cross-section transmission electron microscopy. The surface quality, interfaces and crystal defects are analysed by high-resolution electron microscopy. Technical difficulties to reproducibly obtain the desire...

Type I and type-II functional divergences have been stated to highlight specific residues carrying out differential functions in evolutionary-divergent protein clusters from a single common ancestor. Briefly, type I analysis is based on residue constraints reflecting a gain of function just in one cluster of an entire family of proteins; while the type-II approach is based on residue constraint...

Generation expansion planning (GEP) models have been useful aids for long-term planning. Recent growth in intermittent renewable generation has increased the need to represent capability non-renewables respond rapid changes daily loads, leading research bring unit commitment (UC) features into GEPs. Such GEP+UC usually contain discrete variables which, along with many details, make computation ...

Block ramps are hydraulic structures which are commonly used in river restoration projects. Especially in the last few decades, the use of this type of structures have become more and more popular. They furnish a correct balance between the hydraulic functioning and the environmental care, as they minimize the impact on the environment in which they are located. In addition, they can be conside...

Recent ECRH experiments in FTU have provided new results in two plasma scenarios, both characterized by the absence of the sawtooth activity and by flat or reversed q profiles. The first is the current ramp-up phase where low density plasmas have been heated up to high electron temperature. When the heating is localized on the plasma axis, the high additional power density has produced the evid...

LLE Review, Volume 116 185 Introduction A physical understanding of the shock-wave heating, radiative heating, and heating by energetic electrons in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is required to control the pressure in the main fuel layer.1 A direct-drive hot-spot ignition ICF target consists of a spherical cryogenic fuel shell of deuterium and tritium surrounded by a thin plast...