permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. A&rucl-A rate-distortion problem is considered for a communication system (f, &) with a secondary decoder & to be hindered whi...

Dave described how equivocation, making conflicting statements to others, is a very common and powerful tool for selfish and malicious users in distributed systems. It occurs in the Byzantine general’s problem, voting, and BitTorrent, where traditionally 3f+1 users are needed to tolerate f malicious users. By using trusted hardware, equivocation can be made impossible, and now only 2f+1 users a...

In this paper, we evaluate the asymptotics of equivocations, their exponents as well as their second-order coding rates under various Rényi information measures. Specifically, we consider the effect of applying a hash function on a source and we quantify the level of non-uniformity and dependence of the compressed source from another correlated source when the number of copies of the sources is...

Communication over a quantum channel that depends on state is considered when the encoder has side information (CSI) and required to mask from decoder. A full characterization established for entanglement-assisted masking equivocation region with maximally correlated state, regularized formula given capacity-leakage function without assistance. For Hadamard channels assistance, we derive single...

Epistemic modals in consequent place of indicative conditionals give rise to apparent counterexamples to Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens. Familiar assumptions of familiar truth conditional theories of modality facilitate a prima facie explanation—viz., that the target cases harbor epistemic modal equivocations. However, these explanations go too far. For they foster other predictions of equivoca...

-I4 ET US consider the usual decision-theory problem of classifying an observation X ss coming from one of m possible classes (hypotheses) C,, CZ, * , C,. Let nl, .a * , 7~,,, denote the a priori probabilities on the hypotheses, and let p,(x), * * * , p,(x) denote the conditional probability density functions given the true hypothesis. Let us assume that these are known. Then it is well knoti t...