We evaluate the stellar energy-loss rates [Formula: see text] due to production of neutrino pair in 3-3-1 models. The energy loss rate is evaluated for different values which a parameter used define charge operator 331 show that contribution dipole moment small compared new natural gauge boson text]. correction with Standard Model and do not exceed 14% highest Of all models, model give relative...

We propose a modification of the classical Black–Derman–Toy (BDT) interest rate tree model, which includes possibility jump with small probability at each step to practically zero rate. The corresponding BDT algorithms are consequently modified calibrate containing scenarios. This is motivated by recent 2007–2008 crisis in United States, and it quantifies risk future crises bond prices derivati...