[1] We apply adjoint models of mantle convection to North America since the Late Cretaceous. The present-day mantle structure is constrained by seismic tomography and the time-dependent evolution by plate motions and stratigraphic data (paleoshorelines, borehole tectonic subsidence, and sediment isopachs). We infer values of average upper and lower mantle viscosities, provide a synthesis of Nor...

Abstract In flat-slab frames, which are typically designed as secondary seismic structures, the shear failure of slab around column (punching failure) is governing mode limits deformation capacity and can potentially lead to a progressive collapse structure. Existing rules predict flat frames resist imposed lateral displacements without losing capability bear gravity loads have been derived emp...