Abstract We study the trade‐off between governmental investments in pretertiary and tertiary education from an efficiency point of view. develop a model comprising agents with different incomes abilities, public private schools, universities that select applicants based on admission exam. Reallocating resources to may positively affect aggregate production human capital if some conditions are s...

BACKGROUND Government- and charity-funded medical research and private sector research and development (R&D) are widely held to be complements. The only attempts to measure this complementarity so far have used data from the United States of America and are inevitably increasingly out of date. This study estimates the magnitude of the effect of government and charity biomedical and health resea...

Considering the environmental awareness of contractors, this paper constructs a construction material supply chain consisting government, manufacturer, and contractor, analyzes decision-making influencing factors various stakeholders under no subsidy, contractor manufacturer studies formulation subsidy policies for waste recycling from perspective government. The results show that: compared wit...

Since 1989 the Bank’s Operational Directive (OD) 4.01 Environmental Assessment and its successor documents OP/BP/G 4.0 have required that affected groups and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) be consulted as part of the environmental assessment of projects and particularly those with potentially significant impacts (Category A). The primary purpose of this provision is to protect the interes...

Microdata concerning consumer demand typically show considerable variation in real expenditures, but very little variation in prices. We propose a semiparametric strategy for the consumer demand problem in which expenditure share equations are estimated Pendakur gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada through its standard re...

Understanding the determinants of health is essential for designing effective strategies to advance economic growth, reduce disease and disability, enhance quality life. We undertake a comprehensive outlook on public by incorporating three metrics — life expectancy (LE), healthy (HLE), discrepancy between two. investigate effects various socio-economic factors these employ causal machine learni...

Public–private partnership (PPP) projects have the features of extended investment cycles, diminished returns, and high demand for technology. Inadequate utilization these may result in an accumulation new implicit debt government. Consequently, it becomes imperative government to manage mitigate risks associated with urban rail transit PPP projects, which is a crucial prerequisite ensuring pro...

Nursing home care has become a major governmental responsibility. Public expenditures for nursing home care amounted to $7.3 billion in 1977. They represented 57.2 percent of the $12.8 billion nursing home bill nationally and 12 percent of public spending on all personal health care. Nursing home care absorbs more than one-third of all Medicaid expenditures. This paper explores expenditure patt...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the variation in malaria parasitaemia, reported fever, care seeking, antimalarials obtained and household expenditure by socio-economic status (SES), and to assess the implications for ensuring equitable and appropriate use of antimalarial combination therapy. METHODS A total of 2,500 households were surveyed in three rural districts in southern Tanzania in mid-2001. ...