Why do plants reflect in the green and have a "red edge" in the red, and should extrasolar photosynthesis be the same? We provide (1) a brief review of how photosynthesis works, (2) an overview of the diversity of photosynthetic organisms, their light harvesting systems, and environmental ranges, (3) a synthesis of photosynthetic surface spectral signatures, and (4) evolutionary rationales for ...

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid non-destructive technique to estimate total chlorophyll (Chl) content in a maize canopy using Chl content in a single leaf. The approach was (1) to calibrate and validate a reflectance-based non-destructive technique to estimate leaf Chl in maize; (2) to quantify the relative contribution of each leaf Chl to the total Chl in the canopy; and (3)...

Given a set of points in the plane each colored either red or blue, we find non-self-intersecting geometric spanning cycles of the red points and of the blue points such that each edge of the red spanning cycle is crossed at most three times by the blue spanning cycle and vice-versa.

This study used hyperspectral reflectance data to evaluate the crop physiological parameters of sweet maize. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied identify wavelengths that primarily contributed each selected PC. Correlation and multiple linear regression, with a stepwise algorithm, were select best-performing vegetation indices (VIs) for monitoring yield response maize grown under dif...

We have used computational fluid dynamics to study changes in lift generation and vortex dynamics for Reynolds numbers (Re) between 8 and 128. The immersed boundary method was used to model a two-dimensional wing through one stroke cycle. We calculated lift and drag coefficients as a function of time and related changes in lift to the shedding or attachment of the leading and trailing edge vort...

Lehel conjectured that for all n, any 2-edge-coloring of Kn admits a partition of the vertex set into a red cycle and a blue cycle. This conjecture led to a significant amount of work on related questions and was eventually proven for all n by Bessy and Thomassé. Balogh, Barát, Gerbner, Gyárfás, and Sárközy conjectured a stronger statement for large n: that if δ(G) > 3n/4, then any 2-edge-color...

Unmanned aerial vehicle-based multispectral imagery including five spectral bands (blue, green, red, red-edge, and near-infrared) for a rice field in the ripening stage was used to develop regression models predicting yield protein content select most suitable analysis method year-invariant model: partial least squares regression, ridge artificial neural network (ANN). The developed with six ve...

The ferrocene-benzobisimidazole derivative shows high affinity for Pb(2+) and Zn(2+) metal cations over a range of other metal cations examined. In the presence of Pb(2+) the emission spectrum is red-shifted by 13 nm with an important chelation-enhanced fluorescence effect (CHEF) CHEF = 55. The presence of Zn(2+) cations also induced a perturbation of the emission spectrum although to a lesser ...