Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) were initially regarded mainly as metabolic by-products with damaging properties. Over the last decade, our understanding of their role in metabolism was drastically changed and they were recognized as essential mediators in cellular signaling cascades, as well as modulators of biochemical pathways. Proteostasis is highly affecte...

Photosynthesis is light-driven redox chemistry. Molecular redox signalling, the coupling of gene expression to electron transfer, is now implicated in the adaptation of photosynthesis to variation in light quality and quantity.

All organisms maintain a strict redox environment, crucial for cell physiology, by preserving the pro-oxidant compounds generated during cell metabolism and from antioxidant system elements. In pathophysiological conditions, the redox environ‐ ment is altered, causing oxidative stress, cell damage, and eventually cell death. In this chapter, we review the elements involved in the redox environm...

Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the early defense responses against pathogen infection in plants. The mechanism about the initial and direct regulation of the defense signaling pathway by ROS remains elusive. Perturbation of cellular redox homeostasis by ROS is believed to alter functions of redox-sensitive proteins through their oxidative modifications. Here we report a...

The redox status of the cell is described by the ratio of reduced to non-reduced compounds. Redox reactions which determine the redox state are an essential feature of all living beings on Earth. However, the first life forms evolved under strongly anoxic conditions of the young Earth, and the redox status probably was based on iron and sulphur compounds. Nowadays, redox reactions in cells have...

Redox regulation depends on the enzymatically controlled production and decay of redox active molecules. NADPH oxidases, superoxide dismutases, nitric oxide synthases, and others produce the redox active molecules superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide. These react with target proteins inducing spatiotemporal modifications of cysteine residues within different signali...