Purpose: To investigated the effects of pupil dilation on subjective refraction by using ground glass lens. Methods: Forty-two subjects (22.1 ± 1.2 years) participated in the study. We measured the change in pupil diameter during binocular and monocular vision (using an occluder and a ground glass lens). And we conducted subjective refraction test using an occluder and a ground glass lens. Pair...

X-Ray Refraction Topography techniques are based on Ultra Small Angle Scattering by micro structural elements causing phase related effects like refraction and total reflection at a few minutes of arc as the refractive index of X-rays is nearly unity. The refraction contrast is several times higher than “true absorption” and results in images of cracks, pores and fibre debonding separations bel...

The planewave response of a linear passive material generally cannot be characterized by a single scalar refractive index, as directionality of energy flow and multiple wavevectors may need to be considered. This is especially significant for materials which support negative refraction, negative phase velocity, and counterposition. By means of a numerical example based on a commonly studied bia...

Hailu Luo, Wei Hu, Xunong Yi, Haiying Liu, and Jing Zhu Laboratory of Light Transmission Optics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510630, China (Dated: June 8, 2006) Abstract It is found that the amphoteric refraction, i.e. the refraction can be either positive or negative depending on the incident angles, could occur at a planar interface associated with a uniaxially anisotropic positi...