We examine adaptive behavior in forming and changing utility regulatory systems. Systems with independent regulatory agencies dampen the effects of political and market power, and diminish information asymmetries, which improves sector performance. But creating or adapting the system triggers resistance from those who experience loss and at weakens regulatory effectiveness for some period of ti...

background: type 1 diabetes (t1d) is a t cell mediated autoimmune disease targeting the insulin-producing β cells within pancreatic islets. autoimmune diseases may develop as a consequence of altered balance between regulatory (tregs) and autoreactive t cells. objectives: to evaluate treg cells frequency and suppressive function in the peripheral blood of newly diagnosed t1d patients in compari...

This paper presents the status of real time grid operation in India with regulatory mechanism in place. Open access to transmission is encouraging short term and long term bilateral / multi-lateral contract in power market creating de facto a platform for power exchange to operate with various participants – buyers, sellers and traders in position. Index Terms — open access, power market, power...

A few years ago it was noticed that the distributions of gene-family sizes in fully-sequenced genomes follow power-law distributions [8, 6]. Since then different authors have shown that there is in fact a large array of genomic features that show power law distributions. Almost all of these concern the distributions of genomic features within a single genome. For instance, it is shown in [13] t...

The monetary base typically is defined as a measure of the money-supply "impulse" originating from the stock of high-powered, central-bank money. In addition to nonbanks' demand for hand-to-hand currency, banks have demanded base money in the United States since 1913 to satisfy two needs. One is a reserve need, to fulfill a Federal Reserve regulatory requirement. The other is an operational nee...

When electricity becomes deregulated the price of electricity is not determined by a regulatory authority but by market demand and supply conditions. Electricity cannot be stored and needs to be produced at the same rate at which it is produced. Thus, if any of the cheaper generating units fails a more expensive unit needs to be brought into operation in order to meet the demand. This increased...

We discuss issues of the application of antitrust law and regulatory rules to network industries. In assessing the application of antitrust in network industries, we analyze a number of relevant features of network industries and the way in which antitrust law and regulatory rules can affect them. These relevant features include (among others) network effects, market structure, market share and...

The Japanese electricity industry has experienced regulatory reforms since the mid-1990s. This article measures productivity in Japan’s steam power-generation sector and examines the effect of reforms on the productivity of this industry over the period 1978–2003. We estimate the Luenberger productivity indicator, which is a generalization of the commonly used Malmquist productivity index, usin...

I analyze how antitrust law and sectoral regulatory rules should be applied to network industries. I first identify a number of relevant features of network industries that may affect the way in which antitrust law and regulatory rules should be applied. These relevant features include (among others) network effects, market structure, market share and profits inequality, choice of technical sta...